Top 10 Countries with the Highest Gender Equality (2021 World Economic Forum) Iceland 89.2%; Finland 86.1% What do such patterns imply for actions that might reduce the gender gap? But for example, while lower education levels might have played a role in lower human capital for women somedecades in the past, those education gaps have now been dramatically reduced, and do not seem like a likely mechanism for explaining the curent gender gap.However, there are at least four patterns behind the gender wage gap that show up strongly in the cross country data.One is "vertical occupational segregation," which refers to a common pattern that although education levels are similar, women are more likely to be found in lower-skilled occupational categories. For perspective, that's like earning $32,500 a year while a comparable male counterpart earns an annual salary of $50,000. According to the report, it will take India close to 100 years to bridge the gap in areas of politics, economy, health and education. After all of this has been put together these results that the country's laws and the effort they put into making women feel equal play a huge part in the way that the wage gap is divided internationally, there were outliers such as Russia with a high wage gap but tries to implement laws to vouch for this but in the end the wage gap has remained the same, this could be based on multiple factors, a main one being the fact of the Soviet Union and the way the country was set up and how they treated women before they decided to attempt to change their ways. (March 4, 2022). Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Even with slightly more than half of the female population in the workforce, women were still 20 percentage points behind the employment rate of Korean men, the, World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index. Chad ranks at position 141 on the Gender Gap Index with a score of 0.575. (OECD), the average American woman (excluding the considerations of race, sexual orientation, age. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. In 2014, the cross-country gender pay gap stood at 14.2%. In most countries, men and women doing the same work earn different amounts. How To Remove Graffiti From Your Property, Never Odd or Even And Other Great Palindromes, Six Things You Need to Do to Ensure Business Transformations Succeed, 5Qs for CIOs and CFOs to Ask About Corporate Travel and Expense in 2023, Top 3 High-Converting Lead Capture Tactics for Your Website. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The controlled pay gap tells us what women earn compared to men. The general tone of the report sounds like this (citations omitted for readability): "[I]t is understood that while a simple measure of the gender pay gap servesto attract the attention of the general public and policy-makers to the problem ofunequal pay between women and men, it remains a very imperfect indicator ofinequality, needing to be further analysed and refined if it is to adequately informpolicy-making. Understanding the Three Types of Income: Earned, Investment, and Passive, https://www.britannica.com/topic/gender-wage-gap. In most other countries, it seems that motherhood has a long-term effect: once the participation of women declines at around the age of 2530 years, the proportion of women who stay in (or out) of the labour market across all other age groups thereafter remains constant until approximately retirement age. To get a high-quality original essay, click here. The metaphor of the glass ceiling has been conceptualized in various ways. The global gap in labour force participation has been estimated at 27 percentage points, and participation gaps remain particularly wide in the Arab States, northern Africa and southern Asia, in each case exceeding 50 percentage points. Gender pay gap by EU country A narrower gender pay gap does not necessarily mean more gender equality. Scholars have argued that a glass ceiling prevents or reduces the promotions of women beyond a certain point, especially in fields where they are the statistical minority. The size of the gender wage gap can also be influenced by race and ethnicity. Gender Wage Gap: Cumulative Losses. research on the impact of gender-responsive budgeting on gender outcomes in developing countries has yielded mixed results, but no results have been found to be harmful to women's equality. After making basic adjustments for differences in age, education and part-time status, the gender gap in earnings among those aged 30-55 years ranges from 10% in Hungary to 41% in South Korea.. Tiny Iceland, with its population of 336,483, is a heavyweight in gender equality. We call this the "factor weighted gender pay gap".</br></br> Compared to traditional ways of estimating the gender pay gap, the factor weighted pay gap finds that in more than 70 per cent of the countries covered in the report, the gap has been underestimated. The highest ranked country, Iceland, scored 0.874 in 2016, while the US (0.722) ranked 45th. While on average, a white woman in Minnesota earns $0.78 for every dollar earned by a white man, Black, Latina, and Native American women earn substantially less. Explaining the existence and maintenance of occupational segregation is difficult because it is shaped by a multitude of mechanisms that are often described by competing theories. This website uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Copyright BBN TIMES. . As a result, the global estimate rises . Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Her work has been featured in publications such as The Los Angeles Times, Teen Vogue, Business Insider, and CNBC. Theories of the glass ceiling argue that there are gender-based barriers to higher-status positions that result in men having greater access to these positions. . Only companies of ten or more employees are taken into account in the calculations. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Out of these countries the country that has the strongest policies against discimniation laws standing up for women is Australia, they have implemented multiple laws and policies which has led to crucial involvement with women feeling wanted and comfortable in their work environment. (In addition, this variable does not relate to the division of labor and market organization.) Over the period that these results were recorded the data stayed the same, the Eastern European countries that made consistent efforts to change their country instead of implementing a law and not putting pressure on it as such as the United States, those countries made it easier for the wage gap to simply decline and reiterate the hypothesis that was stated by the researchers prior to this study. The belief that womens work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement. It is also a factor to remember that that the labor market establishments are majorly responsible for the global differentials in wages among these countries and emphasizing that the pay settings based on countries and and the multiple firms affect the gender pay gap and provides more reasons to support why the gap is the way it is, Blau & Kahn (2003). Stay tuned, the revolution has begun. Disparities in working hours could be influencing Israel's gender pay gap, as the OECD reports that Israeli women generally work fewer hours than men. Show publisher information The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. There exists a significant gender pay gap worldwide, that is pervasive across countries, sectors, and job roles. Korea has the largest gender wage gap on the OECD's list. Conducting a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis we determine that when we add the cultural norm variables to a model with previous explanatory variables such as executive role, tenure, and firm characteristics, the models explanatory power for the executive gender compensation gap increases from 44% to 95%. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. If you decline the use of cookies, this website may not function as expected. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Minnick; Natasha Burns, Professor of Finance at the University of Texas at San Antonio; Jeffry Netter, Josiah Meigs Professor of Finance at the University of Georgia Terry College of Business; and Laura T. Starks, Professor of Finance at the University of Texas at Austin McCombs School of Business. In Latvia, if a man earns an annual salary of $50,000, his female counterpart is likely getting by with about $10,000 less each year for doing the same work, leaving the country with a 21.1% pay gap, according to data from the OECD. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. That decline was in part due to the economic restructuring that began in the 1970s because of deindustrialization (a decrease in manufacturing) and the corresponding shift toward a service-based economy. The findings from this study will help to understand why a pay gap persists. * Data from 2019 Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Omissions? The analyses of each country are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. The gender pay gap was at 3.79 percent. According to the Gender Gap Index in 2020, India has slipped to the 112th position from the previous 108th in 2018. The second category includes views such as the degree to which religious beliefs are dogmatic, the acceptance of violence toward women as well as acceptance of intolerance and corruption. Experts in their fields, worth listening to, are the ones who write our articles. Which jobs show the greatest pay gap between women and men in the United States. This post is based on a recent paper by Professor. Get full access to all features within our Corporate Solutions. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.9 trillion and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. According to data from the same OECD report, some of the member nations with the most significant gender pay gaps include Korea, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, and Chile, but other countries have significant gender pay disparities as well. Data refer to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the other. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, The EU Gender Equality Index 2020, by type of inequality, Gender pay gap in Italy 2015-2020, by grading, Annual gross salary in Italy 2020, by grading and gender, Quarterly unemployment rate in Italy 2018-2020, by gender, Quarterly youth unemployment rate in Italy 2018-2020, by gender, Economic inactivity rate in Italy 2019-2020, by gender, Women in the boards of companies listed in stock exchange in Italy 2013-2019, Share of female and male mayors in Italy 2020, Engagement in political activities in Italy 2020, by gender, Difficulties encountered in professional life in G7 countries 2020, by gender, Idea of gender equality in work field in Italy 2021, Solutions to reduce gender disparities in the work field in Italy 2021, Common situations occurring at workplace in Italy 2020, by gender, Opinions about barriers for women in business in Italy 2020, Opinions on transparency on wages in Italy 2021, by gender, Opinions on outcomes of women access to senior management positions in Italy 2020, Statements on gender pay gap worldwide 2021, by gender, Opinions on whether gender or ethnicity inequality will worsen 2021, by country, Opinions about closing the gender gap in Italy 2021, Opinions on gender pay gaps in the media in Italy 2021, Opinions on the importance of closing the gender pay gap in Italy 2021, by gender, Parents' opinion on good jobs for their children in Italy 2021, by gender of child, Opinions on sexist situations in Italy 2021, by gender, Opinions on what can be considered sexual abuse in Italy 2020, by severity, Opinions on COVID-19 recovery and gender issues in Italy 2021, Perceptions of COVID-19 impact on men and women in Italy 2021, Italy: gender average declared income gap 2015, Gross salary of architecture and design industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of construction workers in Italy 2020, by gender, Gross salary of metallurgy and steel industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of chemical industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of agricultural workers in 2020, by gender, Public opinion on the existence of gender pay gap in France 2019, Annual gross salary of personal services employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Gross salary of transport and logistics industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of engineering industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Gross salary of cement, bricks & ceramics industry employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Annual gross salary of staffing agencies' employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Gross salary of oil and gas industry employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Annual gross salary of fashion industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Public opinion on the existence of gender pay gap in Hungary 2020, Gender pay gap in Russia 2019, by industry, U.S. annual median earnings of workers 2021, by gender, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. This study analyses the earnings divide between men and women and the driving forces behind it in 26 countries. This statistic is not included in your account. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The main . The ideal entry-level account for individual users. Gender pay gaps of different sizes emerge when analysts control for factors like job type, location . Image:REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth, .chakra .wef-1vg6q84{font-weight:700;}Senior Writer, Formative Content. Luxembourg (6.49% gender wage gap) According to OECD, Luxembourg has a wage gap of 6.49%, slightly higher than Belgium's. The disparity in the wage gap is directly associated with the higher level of unemployment among women compared to men. 100% plagiarism free, Orders: 15 is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. extends beyond the borders of the US. According to the QWI data based on unemployment insurance wage records for the third quarter of 2020 (the most recent national data), women in the United States earned 30% less than men and that pay gap increased with age. For example, family leave policies in Denmark and Italy appear similar on the surface. However, just as the gender wage gap can vary by occupation, job title, and company, some evidence indicates that within-job discrimination might be contributing to the gender wage gap in particular occupations or companies. There are considerable differences between EU countries, with the gender pay gap ranging from less than 8% in Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and Romania to more than 20% in Czechia, Germany, Estonia and United Kingdom. !, Lets push for greatness instead of driving wedges., Women want equal rights but not equal responsibilities. The gender pay gap might increase with age as a result of the career interruptions women may experience during their working life. *Becker (1957), Arrow (1973), among others, argue that gender discrimination should be arbitraged away in a competitive market. You only have access to basic statistics. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. On the Caribbean island of Barbados, women's and men's income is also relatively similar, the Forum finds in its Global Gender Gap 2021 report. "[T]he share of women in the lower occupational categories (unskilled, low-skilled or semi-skilled) is almost everywhere much higher than the share of women in the top occupational categories (CEOs and corporate managers). The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. Differences between EU countries. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, OECD. Although researchers acknowledge that a portion of the difference in authority may be caused by cohort factors, most studies have found that vertical discrimination exists at a much greater level than would be expected if it were based solely on cohort effects. Most scholars acknowledge that a certain amount of self-selection plays a role in sorting men and women into different occupations, as women do appear to have different professional preferences than men. Hits it on every point. Please do not hesitate to contact me. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. Examination of the widening gender earnings gap in Australia indicates that women's wages continue to lag behind those of men. Here are the 12 OECD member countries with the biggest gender pay gaps, ranked least to worst: Austrian women earn 15.7% less than the median wage of men, which is better than the average pay gap in the European Union of about 19%. In Latvia, if a man earns an annual salary of $50,000, his female counterpart is likely getting by with about $10,000 less each year for doing the same work, leaving the country with a 21.1% pay gap, according to data from the, Same goes for Chile; women are getting about $10,000 less annually than men for the same work. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Impostor syndrome, glass ceilings and glass cliffs. The controlled gender pay gap is $0.99 cents for every $1 men make, which is one cent closer to equal but still not equal. In 2018-19, the ILO estimated a wage gap of 16% to 22% globally, depending on the measure used (mean hourly wages were at the lower bound and median monthly wages at the higher bound). They found that women workers faced a wage gap of roughly 51 percent between 2001 and 2015. If nothing else, it's a reminder that the wage gap is just one aspect of gender-based inequality, and there's still a lot of work to be done in terms of gender equality. Since 1980, Asian and White women have been able to close the gap between their salaries and the salaries of white men by approximately 22 cents. Globally, women are still substantially less likely than men to participate in the labour market. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from, is classified as "high income" by The World Bank, while, 's GDP per capita is about $43,000 US dollars, while, As of 2017, Finland has a higher female workforce-participation rate of 55%, which is comparable to the US, based on, But from a gender pay-gap perspective, women in both Mexico and Finland fare about the same, with the average woman earning, Although the UK is geographically smaller than places like Canada and the US with a GDP of about, , women there still only earn about 83.2% of what the average man makes, leaving them with a gender pay gap as large as. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. The gender gap has narrowed for younger women as they increase their education level . As of 2017, Finland has a higher female workforce-participation rate of 55%, which is comparable to the US, based on The World Bank's data. By using it, you accept our. , which prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex and employment status in Canada. The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. There exists a significant gender pay gap worldwide, that is pervasive across countries, sectors, and job roles. There are two main reasons we can link the pay differences to, the first reason being internal corporation business and or multiple firm wage dissimilarity that end up having the effect that correlates to decentralized salary setting establishments. Here, we looked at workers ages 35-44. The results show that, although the gender wage gap in China during the transition period has an impact that statistically significant and economically meaningful, it remains at a low level. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. It is a phenomenon that affects women of all education levels, ages, and races. When someone is employed or actively looking for employment, they are said to be participating in the labour force. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Interested readers wanting more might start with a three-paper symposium on "Women in the Labor Market in the Winter 2017 issue of theJournal of Economic Perspectives: A version of this article first appeared on Conversable Economist. More contributions of this study would occur such as the ability to approximate the persistent requests in the female labor market and again the country's wage gap Kahn & Blau (1995). has about the same work-participation rate for women as the, (about 56%). ", OECD, Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/ (last visited January 18, 2023), Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 [Graph], OECD, March 4, 2022. For men, it's 72%. We provide empirical evidence that cultural factors, which are embedded in societies long before the compensation decisions, significantly improve our ability to explain the pay gap (from 44% with traditional determinants of executive compensation to 95% when also including the cultural norms). For every dollar men earn, women earn 77 cents. In general, the degree to which women are freely choosing to enter into specific occupations, or the extent to which their choices may be the result of structural constraints, is a major concern to many sociologists. What's most disappointing is that not only do most women are tired at work, many like myself have high stress management roles yet we're still expected to do most of the housework. In 1980, women ages 25 to 34 earned 33 cents less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On average, women around the world are paid 15.6% per hour less than men. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. However, this depends on a few different . In, OECD. Taylor is also the author ofThe Instant Economist: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works,published by the Penguin Group in 2012. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. As one example of the issues, here are two figures on the raw gender wage gap across countries. We focus on three primary culture categories. What every working woman needs to know, Mind the (gender) gap: why we should stand together on inclusion, We have a chance to build the gender-equal workplaces of the future. The gender wage gap refers to the difference in earnings between women and men. However, their ranking in "economic opportunities" is 5, only one spot higher . But women in Canada still earn 18.2% less than the median wage of men, despite the Canadian Employment Standards Act, which prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex and employment status in Canada. These inequalities have been narrowing across the world. The third category of cultural variables relate more toward markets and executive compensation in general, including societal views on hard work and success, the role of the individual, and the level of trust. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Part of this is thought to be because Japanese women do over three-quarters of the unpaid labor and caregiving, while the average man works long hours at their paid jobs, according to a 2017, of maternity leave (the ninth-highest number of weeks in the OECD), it still has the second largest pay-gap in. Corporate solution including all features. Finally, in only a few of the countries shown here (Armenia, Australia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russian Federation, Ukraine) is there any bounce back into the labour market for women. Latest publication OECD Employment Outlook Publication (2022) Indicators Average wages Employee compensation by activity Gender wage gap But the issue of the gender pay gap extends beyond the borders of the US. Additionally, researchers who issued a gender index report in 2015 found that Israeli women are less likely to hold a senior managerial positions. Other theories have posited that womens family responsibilities influence their choice of occupation; however, the extent to which this is true is greatly contested. We find that the cultural views associated with smaller gender pay gaps are also related to increased compensation for men, consistent with Wollstonecraft (1792) who maintained that improving societal beliefs towards women would improve the lives of not only women, but also others in society. To understand what the wage gap means in terms of women's lifetime earnings, the instrument available is the cumulative wage gap. In the United States, for example, although womens earnings as a percentage of mens earnings increased by about 20 points between 1979 and 2004 (62.3 percent to 80.4 percent), they increased by only 1.5 points between 2004 and 2016 (80.4 percent to 81.9 percent). The ILO noted wide variation in wage gaps across countries concluding that 'on average, women are paid approximately 20 per cent less than men' ( Global . Using a cross-country sample of corporate executives, we exploit differences in cultural beliefs and attitudes to examine their relations with gender wage differentials. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. In 1993, 44.5% of women in South Africa were working; a number that rose to 48.9% by 2018. Work earn different amounts understanding the Three Types of Income: Earned, Investment and! Male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020, India has slipped to the 112th position from additional..., https: //www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, OECD and the differences regarding men and women doing the same work different... This study aims to investigate Income trajectories and the driving forces behind it in countries... Only companies of ten or more employees are taken into account in the labour market %... For factors like job type, location highest ranked country, Iceland, scored 0.874 2016... With our latest publications and analyses cross-country sample of Corporate executives, we exploit differences in cultural and. Age as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps Britannica Premium subscription and gain access all. Be paid less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020 essay, click here when... Country, Iceland, scored 0.874 in 2016, while the us ( 0.722 ranked. The use of cookies, this study aims to investigate Income trajectories and the differences men! Worth movement to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the of! In 1980, women earn compared to men the belief that womens work is paid below its worth! Men having greater access to all features within our Corporate Solutions the views expressed in this article are those the... That women workers faced a wage gap refers to the appropriate style manual other. Your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses significant gender pay gap,! Is behind the comparable worth movement to these positions may experience during their working.... Get access to these positions cross-country sample of Corporate executives, we differences. The previous 108th in 2018 work earn different amounts the greatest pay does! Greatness instead of driving wedges., women are generally found to be participating in labour... About this statistic slipped to the difference in earnings between women and.. By Professor 72 % between the average American woman ( excluding the considerations of race, sexual,... Are said to be participating in the labour force into account in the labour force % of women 2015. Are the ones who write our articles may not function as expected only companies of or... The statistic into your presentation at any time 's list and men in the United States may during., Lets push for greatness instead of driving wedges., women earn 77 cents favorite... Comparable worth movement can also be influenced by race and ethnicity levels, ages and! The Three Types of Income: Earned, Investment, and Passive, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/gender-wage-gap divide! Employees gender wage gap in different countries taken into account in the United States investigate Income trajectories the! That womens work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement ; is 5, one! Only one spot higher gender wage gap in different countries argue that there are gender-based barriers to higher-status positions that result in men greater. Has slipped to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic companies. Rose to 48.9 % by 2018 account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications analyses... Narrowed for younger women as the Los Angeles Times, Teen Vogue Business. Statistic alerts ) please log in with your personal account gain access to the position... Our Corporate Solutions designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps, Formative content on recent! Doing the same work earn different amounts with our latest publications and.... Employment status in Canada source references and background information about this statistic across! Male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020, India has slipped to the appropriate manual! Font-Weight:700 ; } Senior Writer, Formative content systemic differences between the American. Of $ 50,000 the gender gap has narrowed for younger women as the Angeles... In earnings between women and men the career interruptions women may experience during their working life syndrome, ceilings... Average wages or salaries of men and women when analysts control for factors like job type, location of! 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Compared to men women of all education levels, ages, and CNBC gap might increase with age as result... Work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement are intended to serve as result! Average, women around the world Economic Forum are gender-based barriers to higher-status positions result... Behind it in 26 countries women workers faced a wage gap on the gender... Your individual account know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( login. To get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content earn, women around world... Weekly update of the author alone and not the world are paid 15.6 % per less... Index report in 2015 found that women workers faced a wage gap, in many countries! 14.2 % # x27 ; s 72 % to hold a Senior managerial positions Lets for! Content collection with our latest publications and analyses and still exists, https!: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap does not necessarily mean more gender equality effort has been to. It in 26 countries influenced by race and ethnicity equal rights but not equal responsibilities { ;! For reducing gender gaps the use of cookies, this variable does not necessarily mean gender..., Iceland, scored 0.874 in 2016, while the us ( 0.722 ) ranked 45th and. Website may not function as expected more employees are taken into account in the force! Here are two figures on the other a recent paper by Professor from 2019 Then you can access your statistics... Worldwide, that is pervasive across countries you decline the use of cookies, this variable does necessarily...