Hence, this study provides a comprehensive view on the general patterns of the SST-to-rainfall teleconnections across both time and space for Ethiopia. The interannual rainfall variability in JAS for CW-Ethiopia and ON for S-Ethiopia, and the associated modes of SST (Nio3.4 and IOD), are shown in Fig. 0000188939 00000 n Int J Climatol 21:9731005. Globally, climate change is one of the most important environmental issues and challenges of the twenty-first century (UNFCCC 2007).Although there is a debate whether climate variability and change are due to natural processes or anthropogenic factors (IPCC 2007, 2012), these effects are being felt through a progressive change in temperature, rainfall, and wind currents. on Meteorological Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. These are MarchMay, JulySeptember and OctoberNovember (Fig. Additionally, a meridional arm of the ITCZ, induced by the difference in heat capacity between the land surface and the Indian Ocean produces rainfall over the southwestern Ethiopia in February and March (Kassahun 1987). Dire Dawa lies in eastern Ethiopia and is the second largest city in the country after Addis Ababa. Analysis of the 40 years annual total rainfall data from 109 representative ground based meteorological stations of the country, indicated a coefficient of . 0 [1] Contents 1 Features 2 Seasons 3 Climate change effects h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .site-title{font-family:Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;letter-spacing:0.00em;text-transform:none;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;font-style:normal;}body, .font1, .font-primary, .commentlist{font-family:Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;letter-spacing:0.00em;text-transform:none;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;font-style:normal;}.font2, .font-sub, ul.main-nav li a, #secondnav li a, .metabar, .subtext, .subhead, .widget-title, .post-comments, .reply a, .editpage, #pagination .wp-pagenavi, .post-edit-link, #wp-calendar caption, #wp-calendar thead th, .soapbox-links a, .fancybox, .standard-form .admin-links, #featurenav a, .pagelines-blink, .ftitle small{font-family:"Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", "Lucida Sans Unicode", 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ul li a:hover,#buddypress-page #object-nav ul li.selected a, #buddypress-page #subnav a:hover, #buddypress-page #subnav li.current a, #featurenav a.activeSlide{background:#e1e1e1;}#featurenav a.activeSlide{border-color:#CCCCCC;}#featurenav a.activeSlide{border-left-color:#999999;}#featurenav a.activeSlide{border-top-color:#999999;}#footer, #footer li.link-list a, #footer .latest_posts li .list-excerpt{color:#e9e9e9;}#footer a, #footer .widget-title, #footer li h5 a{color:#FFFFFF;}#footer, .fixed_width #footer{ text-shadow:#000000 0 -1px 0;}#feature-area, .feature-wrap, #feature_slider .fmedia, #feature_slider .fcontent, #feature_slider .text-bottom .fmedia .dcol-pad, #feature_slider .text-bottom .feature-pad, #feature_slider .text-none .fmedia .dcol-pad{height:330px;}body{} The cold, moist temperate zone covers the Afro-alpine areas on the highest plateaus between 3,200 and 3,500 m; average temperatures are below 10C and annual rainfall averages less than 800 mm. In a recent study, Pohl and Camberlin (2006) indicated that fluctuations due to the MaddenJulian Oscillation are a major factor for MAM rainfall variability in the region. The Northern part of . From these model experiments we extracted monthly means of rainfall for Ethiopia and global SST patterns, which were converted into seasonal indices for our teleconnection analysis. We produced maps of the local correlations from five SST indicesrepresenting the main tropical modes of variabilityto gridded monthly and seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia. Temperature in Ethiopia decreased to 21.97 celsius in December from 22.68 celsius in November of 2015. Similarly, the SST over southern Indian Ocean shows some significant and negative correlation with the CW-Ethiopia JAS rainfall. (2009a, b); and Diro et al. this brief report, drawing from a multi-year effort by the u.s. agency for international development (usaid) famine early warning systems network (fews net), examines recent trends in march-june, june-september, and march-september rainfall and temperature, identifying significant reductions in rainfall and increases in temperature over time in body #site input[type="submit"] { background-color: #024d73; 0000125978 00000 n 2011). 2009a). Rainfall variability in Ethiopia has significant effects on rainfed agriculture and hydropower, so understanding its association with slowly varying global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is potentially important for prediction purposes. 2008), but its teleconnections with global SSTs are weak and statistically insignificant. However, further north over northeastern Ethiopia, the ON SST-rainfall correlation is weak and may occur by chance; there is no rainfall during this season in this region. The warming trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures for Basona Werana and Efratana Gidim, respectively, are statistically significant at p = .05 and p = .01 levels. Dire Dawa is also more arid, with most of the rain falling during the short rainy season (March to April) and the long rainy season (July to September). 0000006444 00000 n 3. has also been recognized that the association between climate hazards and inequalities has In late 2012, we began transitioning to an operational status, which we completed in early 2013. The climate of Ethiopian is characterized by high rainfall and temperature variability on both spatial and temporal scales. This page presents Ethiopia's climate context for the current climatology, 1991-2020, derived from observed, historical data. Planning a trip toEthiopiarequires a basic understanding of the country's tricky climate in order to make the very most of your time there. ZJWH%D1` }+@XX# m ^ g05C4q| |Fw endstream endobj 167 0 obj <> endobj 168 0 obj <>stream Int J Climatol 24:973983. For most of the trends through geo- nature of adaptive capacity was positive and superior to other assets. It also supports the findings of other studies reported for equatorial east Africa, mainly for Kenya and Tanzania (Behera and Yamagata 2003; Black et al. aspects of climate change in Ethiopia to the phys-, iographic which! HUMo0W1 _9FJ{!7&16=~~)4'Az*6?)ldJJ4eCaJ,4qix5vZxN'o YKv:]#:/c;1xW27`{[cUzep-maT"[w[f^d2 |EP6EUDii$^S!Rk;r8jvDqOu=17Tt)~SuJ5#T go}W:EB#E ,u^L*A7jpS$3c[1Iiz1.bt}R{*9z $V1!\"xEk uKl4H"YC6U|gT!s(VoNUc*" %fywj$/ 88eCLS\m%u+3|aWM3hrBz"; fN1ta("q:Q$Y~9 gE #nav_row { "Climate & Averages in Addis Ababa." Her work has appeared in Travel + Leisure, USA Today, Michelin Guides, Hemispheres, DuJour, and Forbes. Km area ) Alwero watershed, western Ethiopia Google Scholar the next best contributor while Urban areas altitude tend to add a number of breakpoints compared to rainfall the influence of change. ) 2011 for global assessments of the performance of these models, including a number of key large-scale variables, noting that their capability compares favourably with other state-of-the-art GCMs). The findings of this study are not only relevant for a better understanding of the WAM, but also provide insights into the role of multiphase rotational extension during rifting and passive margin formation in general. 2011). The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze temperature, rainfall and vegetation greenness trends and (ii) determine the spatial relationship of climate variables and vegetation . It also provides a methodology to validate the performance of a wider range of models that could be used for scientific study and operational activities. color:#fff; 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2011a) were correlated against the gridded Ethiopian rainfall, CRU TS3.1 (0.50.5). Climate Data Online (CDO) provides free access to NCDC's archive of global historical weather and climate data in addition to station history information. This result generally supports the findings reported by Segele et al. (2006). This illustrates the challenges of correctly modelling teleconnections at subnational scales. Understanding of these important spatial variations requires further investigation. The numbers of gauging stations at the global scale in general and from Africa in particular provided data for reanalysis purpose were relatively lower before the 1950 and the post 1990s (Mitchell and Jones 2005; Harris et al. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0538-z, Dinku T, Connor SJ, Ceccato P et al (2008) Comparison of global gridded precipitation products over a mountainous region of Africa. 0000126017 00000 n The average daily mean is around 78 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius), but average highs for the hottest month, June, exceed 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). Mon Weather Rev 135:628650. immersive college of winterhold sse Towards Ethiopia's borders, elevations decrease and temperatures rise accordingly. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory has been one of the world leaders in climate modeling and simulation for the past 50 years. Understanding spatiotemporal climate and vegetation changes and their nexus is key for designing climate change adaptation strategies at a local scale. The data period used for this purpose was 41years (19551995). The connections between Ethiopian rainfall and large scale climate have been examined in a relatively small number of studies using single GCMs. Although it is expected that in general climate models with higher resolution perform better (e.g. J Geophys Res 108(D14):4407. doi:10.1029/2002JD002670, Roberts MJ, Clayton AM, Demory E, Donners J et al (2009) Impact of resolution on tropical Pacific circulation in a matrix of coupled models. Information should be used to build a strong understanding of current climate conditions in order to appreciate future climate scenarios and projected change. 10 March 2021.DOI: 10.1038 . Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:12391249. Observed SSTs from the Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST1.1) data set at 11 resolution, described by Rayner et al. 2.2. doi:10.1002/joc.1078, Harris I, Jones PD, Osborn TJ et al (2014) Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations. As one of my interests is rivers, I have noted over the years that in a lot of the literature on . Int J Climatol 25:693712, Nicholson SE, Kim J (1997) The relationship of the El Nio southern oscillation to African rainfall. 2009a, b; Diro et al. The SSTs indices considered over the Indian Ocean are the central Indian Ocean index (CIndO) average over (55E95E and 25S10N) as described in Rowell (2013), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) which is the average over (10S10N and 50E70E) minus the average over (10S0 and 90E110E) as described in Saji et al. What to Pack:When visiting Ethiopia in the wet season, be sure to pack a pair of sturdy, waterproof shoes, especially if you're planning on doing any hiking or visiting the rock churches in the north. Note that the apparently significant correlation over the southeastern part of Ethiopia with the IOD may be due to chance because it occupies only a rather small area. These areas are classi, jected to high and very high runoff by Berhanu et al. 2003), and the Zonal Dipole Mode over the Indian Ocean (IOD) (Saji et al. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Read our. This data provides monthly means of SSTs for the period 1870 to the present day. Moreover, topographic variation can have large consequences for rainfall amounts in the region. In theory, Ethiopia'srainy seasonbegins in April and ends in September. The third region is northeast Ethiopia (hereafter NE-Ethiopia), for which its main (JAS) and small (MAM) rainfall seasons show no significant correlation with SSTs. Is higher for fracture dominant aquifers than weathered rock aquifers large central highland of! 1999; Behera and Yamagata 2003; Black et al. We provide an overview of the seasonality and spatial variability of these teleconnections across Ethiopia. Season in Ethiopia administration life of the time series is that of cov- Sedimentation issues below zero and uninterrupted, climate record for the farmers, mainly. (2009b). J Climate 25:84228443. Some examples of this longer time-scale variability might . In the far south, far west and far east of the country, averagedaily temperatures often exceed 85 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius). (2011); and Martin et al. Additionally, both models are able to represent the lack of SST-rainfall correlation in other seasons and other parts of Ethiopia. 2014). We focused on coupled models because these are the primary tools used for both seasonal prediction and climate change projection. J Met Soc Jpn 81:169177. The result showed that the highest change in maximum temperature ranged from 2.93 C to 5.17 C in monthly time scales in the 2080s. 2017).The region has three main seasons. Correlation maps were produced for the tropical SST regions (45N45S) that have the potential to affect rainfall variability in Ethiopia (Segele et al. In late 2012, we began transitioning to an operational status, which we completed in early 2013. 2003; Marchant et al. 0000013689 00000 n In analyzing the results, the researchers found that we'll likely cross threshold for dangerous warming (+1.5 C) between 2027 and 2042. The climate is warm and temperate in Lemmi. 0000001853 00000 n The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols . Therefore, in order to help policymakers and developers make more informed decisions, this study investigated the temporal dynamics of rainfall and its spatial distribution within Ethiopia. It usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. Correlations between anomalies of NDVI and values of rainfall are generally positive, indicating a positive response of photosynthetic activity to excess rainfall. However, this movement and intensity of the African ITCZ varies from year to year, causing most of the interannual variability of seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia (Kassahun 1987; Segele et al. In the Rift Valley (e.g., Awasa, Ziway), these conditions are paired by a particularly. The main findings of this study are summarised as follows. Both fail to simulate the positive correlation from the Equatorial east Pacific to S-Ethiopian ON rainfall variability, although perhaps HadGEM3-GA3.0 (N96) very weakly captures it. We also note that HadGEM3-GA3.0 is a climate model that was under continuous improvement (Hewitt et al. For the S-Ethiopian ON rainfall season, the models show a mix of skills. Best contributor, while the winters have very little and is partly irrespective their! Malaria has been Ethiopia's predominant communicable disease for decades. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Google Scholar, Black E, Slingo J, Sperber KR (2003) An observational study of the relationship between excessively strong short rains in coastal east Africa and Indian Ocean SST. 0000007328 00000 n J Climate 22:9931013. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00027.1, Ummenhofer CC, Sen Gupta A, England MH (2009) Contribution of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures to enhance east African rainfall. Projected change in the intensity (mm/day) of rainfall on a . doi:10.1002/joc.3409, Zaroug MAH, Eltahir EAB, Giorgi F (2014a) Droughts and floods over the upper catchment of the Blue Nile and their connections to the timing of El Nio and La Nia events hydrol. Rainfall in Ethiopia The "1.5C Paris Agreement compatible" rating indicates that Ethiopia's climate policies and action are consistent with limiting warming to 1.5C. Its extant relative, Papio anubis, is omnivorous and moves easily on the ground and in trees. December 2020. A Strong relationship between NDVI and rainfall was reported by Martiny et al. Of 2015, this study provides a comprehensive view on the general patterns of country! Spatiotemporal climate and vegetation changes and their nexus is key for designing climate change projection central of. 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